1. What is Plagiarism?
2. Acts that involve Plagiarism
3. How to Avoid Plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?

• Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s intellectual work (can be an idea, literary work or academic work, etc.) and representing it as your own work without giving credit to the creator or without citing the source of information.
• Plagiarism is an offense because it involves copyright infringement and not giving the credit to the author.

An act that involves plagiarism

1. Be respectful.
2. Be aware of what you are commenting on social media.
3. Be careful with humor and sarcasm
4. You should take care of how you are sharing your data and who can see this.
5. Friend requests and group invites should be checked before you accept them
6. Take time to have a read of the rules of conduct/ community standards
7. Be forgiving do not take fight online

Bad net etiquette

• Visiting Websites And Online Shopping
•  Online Searching 
•  Posting on Social Media, blogs, etc.
•  Online Image and Video Upload 
•  Communicating Online (Ex:- Chat, Email, etc.)
•  Any activity you perform Online etc.

Types of digital footprints-

• The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.
• A major amendment was made in 2008 and now it is called the IT (Amendment) Act 2008.

Some Suggested questions that may be asked in board examination Class 12 CS/IP

• Copyright (or author’s right) is a legal term, it is used to describe the rights that creators have over their artistic and literary creation. 
• Copyright is automatic; once you create something, it is yours. However, if you want to file a lawsuit against the infringement of your copyrighted work, then registration of your copyright will be necessary.
• Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture, and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical drawings.
• Copyright protection extends only to expressions, and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation, or mathematical concepts as such. 
• Typically, the public law duration of a copyright expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, depending on the jurisdiction.
• Copyright may or may not be available for a number of objects such as titles, slogans, or logos, depending on whether they contain sufficient authorship.
• In the majority of countries, and according to the Berne Convention, copyright protection is obtained automatically without the need for registration or other formalities.

What are Patents?

• A patent is a type of limited-duration protection that can be used to protect inventions (or discoveries) that are new, non-obvious, and useful, such a new process, the machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter.
• When a property owner holds a patent, others are prevented, under law, from offering for sale, making, or using the product.
• A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. 
• To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the public in a patent application.
• Kind of protection: Patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed, imported, or sold by others without the patent owner's consent.
• The protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years from the filing date of the application.

What Are Trademarks?

• A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights.
• At the national/regional level, trademark protection can be obtained through registration, by filing an application for registration with the national/regional trademark office and paying the required fees.
• The term of trademark registration can vary but is usually ten years.

What Is Trade Secrets -

The syntax for using ORDER BY -:

1. QUESTION PAPER PATTERN 2020-21
2. PART-A SECTION-I (1-MARK)
3. PART-A SECTION-II (4-MARK)
4. PART-B SECTION-I (2-MARK)
5. PART-B SECTION-II (3-MARK)
6. PART-B SECTION-III (5-MARK)

Prerequisite

STEP-1: Start Python 

STEP-2: install and import mysql-connector

STEP-5: Execute SQL Query by Using execute( ) Function

STEP-6: Close the Connection

Full code for Python-MySQL Connection

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

##MYSQL connection with python 
import mysql.connector as sql
con = sql.connect(host='127.0.0.1',user='root',passwd='password')
if con.is_connected() == True:
    mycursor = con.cursor()
    mycursor.execute("create database student")
    mycursor.execute("use student")
    mycursor.execute("create table xiicom (name varchar(20))")
    for i in range(5):
        name = input("Enter a Name:")
        s3 = "insert into xiicom values ('{}')".format(name)
        mycursor.execute(s3)
    con.commit()
    con.close()
else:
    print("Not Connected")

Types of formal arguments in Python Functions

Types of Formal Arguments

Positional arguments (Required arguments)

When the function call statement matches the number and order of arguments as defined in the function definition, this is called positional argument.

Ex:- 
In the below example square(x) is taking one argument, here 'x' is an formal argument. So, at the time of function call we have to pass one argument that will be copied to 'x'.


This example will give error because we are not passing any parameter at line number 6.   

1. #error
2.  
3. def square(x):
4.     z=x*x
5.     return z
6. r=square()
7. print(r)


To remove this error we must pass an argument at line number 6. This is called a required argument, because without it the program will not execute.
These are also called Positional Arguments, because if we have more than one argument in function, then the formal arguments receive the values in the same order in which they are passed at the time of function call.


#correction

def square(x):
   z=x*x
   return z
r=square(x)
print(r)





Default arguments 

Sometime as a programmer if you want to give default values for some of the arguments, then it can be don with the help of Default Arguments. This will assumes a default value if a value is not provided to argument.



1. def sum(x=3,y=4):
2.    z=x+y
3.    return z
4. r=sum()
5. print(r)    #Output: 7
6. r=sum(x=4)
7. print(r)    #Output: 8
8. r=sum(y=45)
9. print(r)    #Output: 48

#default value of x and y is being used when it is not passed



In the above given example you can understand the Default Arguments very clearly.
• At line number 4 I have called sum( ) function without any argument. So, both the default values of 'x' and 'y' taken by the function sum( ) and the output is coming 7(x=3, y=4).
• At line number 6 I have called sum( x=4 ) with parameter 'x' only. For 'y' the default value will be taken i.e. 4. So the out will come 8.
• At line number 8 I have called the function sum( y=45 ) with parameter 'y' only. For 'x' the default value 3 will be taken, and the result will be 48.  



Keyword Argument

In some cases when we know the function and it's parameters name too, but we don't know the order in which they are written in function definition. So, it will be very difficult to pass the values to those parameters from function call.


In this case the positional parameters will not work, because we don't know the exact order of parameters. 


To pass the parameters in this case we use Keyword Argument. In this case the caller identifies the arguments by the parameter name. Since we know the parameters name, so we case provide them the values in any sequence or order.



1. def fun( name, age ):
2.     print ("Name: ", name)
3.     print ("Age ", age)
4.     return
5. # Now you can call function
6. fun( age=15, name="mohak" )
7. # value 15 and mohak is being passed to relevant
8. # argument based on keyword used for them. 


In the above case at line number 6 we are calling the function fun( age=15, name="mohak" ), but our function definition at line number 1 fun( name, age ) do not have the same order of argument as it is passed at line number 6. 

In this case the parameters will be passed as keyword arguments. We can give our parameters in any order but the name of parameters should be specified at the time of function call as we are doing at line number 6. 



Variable-length arguments

Till now we have seen all the types of arguments. If you have gone through all the above types of arguments, you must have a question that how do you pass variable length arguments in python? 


That means in some cases as a programmer you do not know the exact number and types of arguments that is required to be passes when you call the function. In this case you have to use variable length arguments. 


By using this you can receive multiple values with single argument name. Also you can call function multiple times with different arguments. The following code explains the variable length arguments:



1.  def sum( *vartuple):
2.      s=0
3.      for var in vartuple:
4.          s=s+int(var)
5.      return s
6.  r=sum( 70, 60, 50 )
7.  print(r)
8.  r=sum(4,5)
9.  print(r)
10. #now the above function sum() can sum n number of values



You can understand the use of variable length arguments by the above example. At line number 1 I have defined a function sum( *vartuple) here *vartuple is a variable length argument. vartuple can receive any number of arguments passed at the time of function call as tuple data type.


Note:- 


• You can also pass variable length keyword arguments you can receive it in **kwarg variable in function definition.
• kwarg then will receive the data in the form of dictionary.
• You must notice that for positional arguments I have used single (*) and for keyworded arguments I have used two stars (**).

Using multiple argument types together

def Interest( prin, cc, time = 2, rate = 0.09):
      return prin * time * rate

1. Interest(prin = 3000, cc = 5)
2. Interest(rate = 0.12, prin = 5000, cc = 4)
3. Interest(cc = 4, rate = 0.12, prin = 5000)
4. Interest(5000, 3, rate = 0.05)

5. Interest(rate = 0.05, 5000, 3)
6. Interest(5000, principal = 300, cc = 2)
7. Interest(500, time = 2, rate = 0.05)

In Python Functions, we define Functions by using the def keyword. After writing def keyword we have to provide function name, it will have parenthesis after it. This may contain Parameter / Arguments.

def square( <Parameters> ):
    .
    .
    <function body>    
    .
    .

square ( <argument> )

Difference between argument and parameter in Python Function 

How many parameters can a function have in Python?

How do you pass multiple parameters in Python?

Types of arguments / parameters

def square( x ):  # x is Formal Argument
    z = x * x
    return z
    
r = square( 5 )   # 5 is Actual Argument
print(r)

Output:
25

1. Actual Arguments / Parameters-:

2. Formal Arguments / Parameters-:

Types of formal arguments

def Statement

• def executed at runtime (Remember, all we have in Python is runtime; there is no such thing as a separate compile time).

• The def statement is used to creates a function object with the name given after the def keyword. It is generally the function name we have provided.

• The definition of function happens at execution time. That means an object is created at runtime with the function name. Now as shown in the following diagram, we can assign a function name to a variable. That variable can call the function Now:

Return Statement

return is used to return the computed result from the function to the caller of the function. the return keyword is generally used at the end of the function, but we can use this keyword at any suitable place in our python function. The syntax of writing the return keyword is return [<var>].  It is not compulsory to give the [<var>], we can omit return keyword also. 

When we give the variable (var), the function returns the variable to the caller. If we do not give the return keyword the None will be returned to the caller.

• It returns values back to the caller.
• It is not compulsory to provide return statements in every function, OR we can use only return in place of return <variable>.
• If only return is used OR nothing is used it returns None.

Return statement

A function can return literal, variable or any expression. If we return a literal the value will be returned directly. In the case of a variable, the variable's value will be returned and in the case of expression, the resultant value after calculation will be returned. You can understand the different values with the return keyword by the following image:

Function can return 

Return Statement

Returning more than one value:-

Using the return statement Programmer can return more than one value also. The programmer has to provide all the values in the comma-separated form. The values will be returned in the same order in which the Programmer writes them in the return statement. So, at the time of receiving the values at the place from where the function was called; the values should be received in the same order.

you can understand it with the following program. Here I am returning three literals 1, 2, 3 from the function fun(). I am receiving it in the same order a, b, c. So, the 1 will go into a, 2 will go in b, and 3 will go into c.

Types of Functions

There are mainly three types of functions.

• Built-in Functions
• Ex. – print(), len()

• Functions defined in Modules
• Ex. – math module [ sin() ]

• User Defined Functions
• Ex.- we have seen DoSomething() in the previous Slide.

The flow of Execution in a Function Call

The order of execution of the statements at the runtime is called the flow of execution of a program run.

Advantages of Using Functions

There are many advantages to the functions, some of the advantages are given below.

• Program development made easy and fast

• Program testing becomes easy

• Codesharing becomes possible

• Code re-usability increases

• Increases program readability

• Function facilitates procedural abstraction

• Functions facilitate the factoring of code

For more detail watch the below video:

Introduction to Functions in Python

• A function can be defined as a single related task, which is written as a block of codes.
• It only runs when it is called.
• We can pass data to the function when we call a function, these are known as parameters.
• A function can return data as a result of using the return statement.
• We have already used some python built-in functions like print(), len() etc. We can also create our own functions. These functions are called user-defined functions.

Writing and Calling the first Function